Post 2 Promoting and Modal Auxiliaries

Nama : Hiras Lumbannahor

Kelas  : 4EA18

Npm   : 19210707

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 MODAL AUXILIARIES 

What are "modal auxiliary verbs"?

The verbs can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and shall are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is important to realise that these "modal verbs" have no meaning by themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions; it can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the present and the future. It is therefore wrong to simply believe that "would is the past of will": it is many other things.

1. CAN and COULD
Talking about ability

• Can you speak Bahasa ? (present)

• She could play the guitar when she was five. (Past)

Making requests

• Can you give me a ring at about 10?

• Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or 'softer') 

Asking permission

• Can I ask you a question?

• Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect) 

2. WILL and WOULD
Making personal predictions

• I don't think the Queen will ever abdicate.

• I doubt if I'll stay here much longer 

Talking about the past with certainty

• I'm sure you will have noticed that attendance has fallen sharply 

Making a semi-formal request

• Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here. Sign this, will you? 

Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)

• Would you like another cup of tea?

• Would you give me a ring after lunch? I'd like the roast duck, please.

In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from reality': imagined, unreal, impossible situations

• If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of Spring.

• It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment.

4. MAY AND MIGHT 
Talking about the present or future with uncertainty

• She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.

• I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.

• England might win the World Cup, you never know. 

Talking about the past with uncertainty

• I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the exam.

• They can also sometimes be used for talking about permission, but usually only in formal situations. Instead of saying May I open a window? we would say Is it all right/OK if I open a window? or Can I open a window? for example. You might, however, see: 
• Students may not borrow equipment without written permission. 

5. SHOULD AND MUST
Giving advice

• I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.

• You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics.

• You shouldn't have ordered that chocolate dessert - you're not going to finish it 

Ought to

Ought to usually has the same meaning as should, particularly in affirmative statements in the present:

• You should/ought to get your hair cut.

• Should is much more common (and easier to say!), so if you're not sure, use should 

Strong advice and invitations

• I think you really must make more of an effort.

• You must go and see the film - it's brilliant.

• You must come and see me next time you're in town.

Saying you think something is certain

• This must be the place - there's a white car parked outside.

• You must be mad.

• What a suntan! You must have had great weather

6. SHALL
Making offers

• Shall I fetch you another glass of wine?

Making suggestions

• Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

  http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Grammar%20Guides/3.07%20Modals.html

post 1 ELIPTICAL STRUCTURE

Nama = Hiras Lumbannahor
Kelas = 4EA18
Npm  = 19210707

In the grammar of a sentence, an elliptical construction is a construction that lacks an element that is, nevertheless, recoverable or inferable from the context. The elliptical construction is a sequence of words in which some words have been omitted. Because of the logic or pattern of the entire sentence, it is easy to infer what the missing words are.
It is noticeable that elliptical sentences are used quite common in some contexts as :

1. In normal conversation

• A : Where are you going?  B : To jakarta ( I am going to jakarta)
• A : Ready (are you ready) 

 2. In comparison

• Andi is shorter than toni 

       = (Andi is shorter than toni is shorter)


3. In sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions

• I have washed and dried my shoes  

       = ( I have washed my shoes and I have dried my shoes)

• Nina has seven won and Luri three

       = ( Nina has seven wons and luri has three wons) 



4. In some dependent clauses

• I will go to wedding party if you will 

       =( Iwill go to wedding party if you will go to wedding party) 

• If you go to the office today, i will tomorrow

       =(If you go to the office today if I will go to the office tomorrow)



5. In reduced clauses

• I am beautiful, and so do my brother ( I am beautiful, and My brother is beautiful too)
• When studying, he tried hard ( When he was studying, he tried hard)
• I visited the mall after coming back from campus ( I visited the mall after I coming back from campus)
• My sisters like singing and My mom does to ( My sisters like singging and My mom like singing to)
• The song sung by Raisa was so popular ( The song which was sung by Raisa was so popular)

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_construction

http://thewindlike.blogspot.com/2012/12/elliptical-sentence.html#.U4HyKXbm41J

tugas softskill

 nama : hiras lumbannahor
npm    : 19210707
kelas   : 4 ea 18

1.  Verb As Complement

     A verb complement is the arrangement of one verb the object of another verb. This happens three ways in English.

For Examples:

a.  With Infinitives

• She wants to go to a movie.
• I decided to refuse the invitation 
• Mary needs to talk about her problem

b.  With Gerunds

• Reading helps you learn English
• Her favorite hobby is reading
• He enjoys not working

c.  With noun clauses

• I insisted that she leave
• I wondered why they left
• She acknowledged that she had left the job

2.    Verb + Preposition Followed By Gerund

For Examples: 

• They laughed about having to do such silly things
• He appologized for not introducing his self sooner
• The students complained about being made to wear a uniform to school.

3.   Adjective + Preposition Followed By Gerund

For Examples:

• Afraid of : He is afraid of speaking in public.
• Addicted to : He is addicted to watching movie.
• Tired of : She is tired from working all day.

Reference :

• http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/part_1.htm
• http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/93488-Infinitive-Complements
• http://www.english4dummies.com/verbs_as_complements.html

TUGAS SOFTSKILL

NAMA : HIRAS LUMBANNAHOR
KELAS : 4 EA 18
NPM   : 19210707

Present Perfect Tense and Simple Past Tense

1.    Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense is  is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or "perfect") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present. 

For Examples:
a.  Puts emphasis the result
     Example: He has written three books.
b.  Action that still going on
     Example: Office has not started yet.
c.  Action that stopped recently
     Example: He has farming morning.
d.  Finished action that has an influence on the present
     Example: I have lost my key.
e.  Action that has taken once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
     Example: I have never been to Germany.


2.   Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is one of the most common tenses in English. Its form is the same with all subject. It is ussually fprmed by adding -ED to the verb. This page will explain the rules for forming the tense with regular verbs.

For Examples: 

a.  Action in the past taking place once, never or several times

     Example: My mother cooked every day.

b.  Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

     Example: When i was having dinner, the phone suddenly rang.

B.    Subject Verb Agreement

Subject Verb Agreement just using the right version of the verb to agree with the subject. Simply means the subject and verb must agree in number.

For Examples:

1. None of team is ready.
2. The king or his daughter is visiting tommorow.
3. The CEO not the board members makes the final decision.
4. The members of the jury are late returning to the courtroom.
5. Either the king or the queen is coming to present the awards.

C.    Adjective & Possesive Pronoun

1.  Forms of Posessive Pronouns and Possesive Adjective

2.   Using Possesive Pronouns and Adjectives

For Examples:

a.  A possesive pronoun is used instead of a noun

     Example: Rahma's car is red. Mine is Black.

b.  A posessive adjective is ussualy used to describe a noun, and it come before it, like other adjective.

     Example : My house is bigger than his house.

Reference :

• http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/subject_verb_agreement.htm
• https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/SubjectVerb.html
• http://www.alumni.org.br/quiz/faq/img_faq/tab_pronouns.jp

Explain About Tenses, Singular & Prulal And Pronoun

Nama      : Hiras Lumbannahor

Npm        : 19210707

Kelas      : 4ea18

About Tenses

Simple Past Tense, Simple Present Tense, Simple Future Tense

Simple Past Tense

• Simple Pas Tense is simple of the verb to indicate an event that happened in the past.

Formula :
( + ) S + Verb 2 + O
( - )  S + did not verb 1 + O
( ? )  Did + S + verb 1 + O

Example :

a. The man bought some book

b. The mechanic repaired the car

Simple Present Tense

• Simple Present Tense indicates that an action is present, now, relative to the speaker or writer. Generally, it is used to describe actions that are factual or habitual. Thing that occur in the present but that are not necessarily happening right now.

Fromula :
( + ) S +/- auxiliary(do/does) + bare infinitive
( - ) S + aux. verb(do/does) + not + bare infinitive
( ? ) Do/Does + S + bare infinitive
 

Example :

a. John drives a taxi

b. She buys the pen

Simple future Tense

• Simple future tense is a verb used to express that an action occurred spontaneously in the future or planned.

Formula :
( + ) S + will + bare infinitive
( - )  S + will + not + bare infinitive
( ? ) Will + S + bare infinitive

Example :

a. They will play football next week

b. We shall study Mathematics tomorrow

About Singular and Plural

Singular

• Singular noun is describing only one person or to show an object

Example :

a. He is a student in the Phoenix University

b. My class is beautiful

Plural

• Plural is a formed by adding -s behind the letters to be made noun

Example : 

a. My rooms are rented for three months

b. The Dean meets her students in front of the office

About Pronoun

Personal Pronoun

Personal pronouns are used to represent people. They can show first person (the speaker), second person (the person being spoken to), or third person (the person being spoken about).

Example : 

1. You went to the party on Saturday night.

2. He called the store, but everyone was on a lunch break.

Possessive Pronoun
Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership or possession.  Normally these words would be a singular or plural noun, but in the possessive form they are used as adjectives to modify another a noun or pronoun.  Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone or something.

Example : 

1. The bicycle over there is his, but this one right here is mine.

2. The litle boy who lives next door played with his toys. 

Reflexive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same. The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Example :

1.The man talked to himself as he walked down the street.

2. The little girl learned how to dress herself for school.

Reference :

• http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pasted.htm
• http://www.k12reader.com/subject/pronouns/